Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken


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De Voorzitter van de Vaste Commissie voor Buitenlandse Zaken Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal Binnenhof 4 Den Haag Directie Mensenrechten en Vredesopbouw Afdeling Mensenrechten Bezuidenhoutseweg 67 2594 AC Den Haag


Datum 24 juni 2002 Auteur Wouter Plomp

Kenmerk DMV/MR-253/02 Telefoon 070 348 5137

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Bijlage(n) 1 E-mail wouter.plomp@minbuza.nl

Betreft VN-Mensenrechtencommissie / Verslag 58-ste zitting
Zeer geachte voorzitter,

Van 18 maart tot en met 26 april jl. vond in Genève de jaarlijkse zitting van de VN-Mensenrechtencommissie (MRC) plaats. Zoals bekend is Nederland momenteel waarnemer in deze Commissie. In EU-verband heeft Nederland actief bijgedragen aan de werkzaamheden van de MRC. De voorgenomen Nederlandse inzet werd reeds met u besproken tijdens het Algemeen Overleg van 26 maart (Kamerstuk 28000 V, nr. 57, Tweede Kamer) aan de hand van de u toegezonden vertrouwelijke richtlijnen van 18 maart jl. Hieronder volgt een verslag op hoofdlijnen van het verloop van de 58-ste zitting.

Algemeen

Zoals gebruikelijk bevatte de agenda een veelheid aan onderwerpen die betrekking hebben op landensituaties, thematische onderwerpen en procedurele zaken. Naast de gestelde prioriteiten moest dit jaar nog meer dan in voorgaande jaren werk worden verricht teneinde negatieve initiatieven van bepaalde landen gericht op ondermijning van het mensenrechtensysteem tegen te gaan.

De schokkende aanslagen van 11 september 2001 en de daaropvolgende antiterrorismecampagne, de dramatische gebeurtenissen in het Midden-Oosten, de nasleep van de Wereldconferentie tegen Racisme in Durban en de afwezigheid van de VS als lid van de MRC drukten hun stempel op deze zitting van de MRC. Tegen deze achtergrond was het reeds vooraf duidelijk dat de 58-ste zitting moeilijk zou worden. Uiteindelijk is deze vrees bewaarheid geworden en was de zitting teleurstellend vanuit het Nederlandse perspectief en dat van de Europese Unie, onder meer omdat een aantal EU-resoluties over mensenrechtensituaties in diverse landen niet is aangenomen.

Tevens heeft het in het kader van budgettaire beperkingen door de VN opgelegde verbod op avond- en nachtzittingen en de hierdoor verkorte behandeltijd voor agendapunten een negatieve invloed gehad. Speciale Rapporteurs, belangrijke bronnen van informatie voor de MRC, werden hierdoor niet in staat gesteld hun rapporten op adequate wijze te presenteren en vragen te beantwoorden. Een aantal Speciale Rapporteurs, waaronder de Speciale Rapporteur inzake Martelingen Prof. Th. van Boven, heeft daarop dan ook uit protest geweigerd zich bij deze spreekbeperkingen neer te leggen en heeft besloten geen introductie van hun rapporten uit te spreken.

Voor Hoge Commissaris voor de Mensenrechten Mary Robinson was deze Commissie de laatste die zij als HC bijwoonde. Zij kreeg van vele zijden lof toegezwaaid voor de wijze waarop zij haar mandaat heeft vervuld.

Voor wat betreft de landensituaties heeft de Nederlandse delegatie zich in het bijzonder ingezet voor een evenwichtige behandeling van de mensenrechtensituaties in het Midden-Oosten, de Russische Federatie (Tsjetsjenië), Oost-Timor/ Indonesië en Zimbabwe. Ten aanzien van de thematische onderwerpen heeft Nederland zich met succes sterk gemaakt voor aanname van het Facultatief Protocol bij het Verdrag tegen Marteling.

Ik sprak de Commissie toe op 27 maart. De tekst van mijn interventie gaat u hierbij toe.

Landensituaties

De kritieke situatie in het Midden-Oosten heeft naast de gebruikelijke resoluties geleid tot een aantal speciale debatten gewijd aan het Midden-Oosten, die uiteindelijk uitmondden in een oproep aan de Hoge Commissaris voor de Mensenrechten het gebied te bezoeken. Ten gevolge van het uitblijven van medewerking door Israël heeft deze "visiting mission" van de Hoge Commissaris niet kunnen plaatsvinden. Wel heeft zij op 24 april een rapport gepresenteerd over de mensenrechtensituatie in de bezette gebieden op basis van rapportage van aldaar aanwezige organisaties.

De samenstelling van de Commissie was dit jaar niet gunstig voor aanvaarding van initiatieven van de Westelijke landen op het terrein van de mensenrechtensituatie in diverse landen. Een aantal van deze resoluties is dan ook niet of in sterk afgezwakte vorm door de MRC aanvaard.

Inzake de situatie in Tsjetsjenië bestond aanvankelijk de hoop tot een voorzittersverklaring te kunnen komen. Tijdens de Commissie werd echter duidelijk dat de Russische Federatie onvoldoende tegemoet wilde komen aan preoccupaties t.a.v. Tsjetsjenië om tot een zinvolle verklaring te komen. Indiening van een resolutie was daarom onvermijdelijk. Ondanks actieve inspanningen van de EU is deze uiteindelijk met 15 stemmen voor, 16 tegen en 22 onthoudingen verworpen.

Iran bleek vanaf het begin van de onderhandelingen niet bereid aan een voorzittersverklaring mee te werken. Ook hier is de EU er helaas net niet in geslaagd de desbetreffende resolutie door de MRC te doen aanvaarden (19 stemmen voor, 20 tegen en 14 onthoudingen) waardoor ook het mandaat van de Speciale Rapporteur voor dit land is beëindigd.

De ontwerpresolutie inzake Zimbabwe stuitte op verzet van met name de Afrikaanse landen tegen enige veroordeling die niet op de instemming van het betrokken land zelf kon rekenen. Uiteindelijk is de behandeling van deze resolutie geblokkeerd door de aanname van een 'no-action motion', ingediend door Nigeria. De resolutie over Soedan is wel aangenomen, zij het met een nipte marge van 1 stem verschil (25 stemmen voor, 24 tegen en 4 onthoudingen). De resolutie ten aanzien van de situatie in Equatoriaal Guinee is weliswaar aangenomen (32 stemmen voor, 1 tegen en 20 onthoudingen), maar in zodanig verzwakte vorm (o.m. beëindiging van het mandaat van de Speciale Rapporteur), dat ook hier van een teleurstellend resultaat gesproken moet worden.

De Cuba-resolutie heeft wel tot een bevredigend resultaat geleid. Nadat duidelijk was geworden dat er dit jaar van een Tsjechisch initiatief geen sprake zou zijn, bleek Uruguay tezamen met een aantal andere latijnsamerikaanse landen bereid de resolutie in te dienen. Deze werd uiteindelijk met een kleine meerderheid (23 stemmen voor, 21 tegen en 9 onthoudingen) aangenomen.

Ten aanzien van Oost-Timor is wederom een voorzittersverklaring aangenomen. De Indonesische regering heeft constructief meegewerkt aan een veelomvattende verklaring, die tevens mogelijkheden biedt de situatie in Oost-Timor tijdens een volgende zitting te behandelen.

Thematische onderwerpen

Nederland heeft zich van begin af aan sterk gemaakt voor de totstandkoming van het Facultatief Protocol bij het Verdrag tegen Marteling, dat moet leiden tot een wereldwijd inspectieregime voor detentiecentra. Ofschoon sommige staten, waaronder de VS, erop aandrongen de onderhandelingen over dit Protocol die reeds tien jaar hebben geduurd nog één jaar aan te houden, meenden andere staten, waaronder Nederland, dat verdere onderhandelingen de kans op consensus niet zouden vergroten. De Nederlandse delegatie heeft tijdens de MRC dan ook hard meegewerkt aan aanvaarding door de Mensenrechtencommissie met een ruime meerderheid (29 stemmen voor, 10 tegen en 14 onthoudingen) van een Costaricaanse resolutie waarin de MRC de Algemene Vergadering van de VN adviseert het ontwerp-Protocol aan te nemen en het Protocol zo snel mogelijk ter ondertekening, ratificatie en toetreding te openen.

De onderhandelingen ten aanzien van de resolutie over racisme verliepen stroef. Het voorstel van de Afrikaanse Groep leidde de facto tot het verbreken van de consensus die in Durban en de Algemene Vergadering was bereikt. De EU zag zich hierdoor genoodzaakt tegen de resolutie te stemmen, waarna deze met 37 stemmen voor, 11 tegen en 5 onthoudingen toch is aangenomen.

Een onderwerp dat weinig aandacht heeft gekregen maar toch als baanbrekend kan worden beschouwd, betreft de opname van het element "seksuele oriëntatie" in de door Zweden ingediende resolutie inzake buitengerechtelijke executies die met ruime meerderheid is aanvaard.

Net als voorgaande jaren heeft Nederland zich actief ingezet voor de resolutie inzake godsdienstvrijheid. Ofschoon de onderhandelingen moeizaam verliepen, heeft het Ierse initiatief vele cosponsors weten te verwerven en is zonder stemming aanvaard.

Ten aanzien van de economische, sociale en culturele rechten zijn dit jaar twee nieuwe resoluties aangenomen. De resolutie over culturele rechten is zonder stemming aanvaard. De tweede resolutie betrof het recht op gezondheid en de instelling van een Speciale Rapporteur voor dit onderwerp. De overige resoluties konden zonder stemming worden aanvaard. Tevens heeft de MRC ingestemd met de instelling van een werkgroep, die de mogelijkheden voor een Facultatief Protocol bij het ESC-Verdrag zal onderzoeken.

Nieuwe mechanismen

De Commissie riep een aantal nieuwe mechanismen in het leven, waarvan de belangrijkste zijn:

een werkgroep die een ontwerp zal opstellen voor een bindend instrument inzake bescherming tegen verdwijningen;

een werkgroep inzake rechten van gehandicapten en een uitnodiging aan de Speciale Rapporteur inzake Gehandicapten van de Commissie voor Sociale Ontwikkeling de 59-ste MRC toe te spreken;

een werkgroep om de mogelijkheden te onderzoeken voor de ontwikkeling van een Facultatief Protocol bij het Verdrag inzake de Economische, Sociale en Culturele Rechten;

een Speciale Rapporteur inzake het recht op gezondheid.

Rol van de EU

De EU is een van de belangrijkste spelers in de MRC, zowel vanwege het grote aantal initiatieven dat zij ontplooit als vanwege de bijdrage aan initiatieven van andere landen. Zo is het Costaricaanse ontwerp voor een Facultatief Protocol bij het Verdrag tegen Martelingen in nauwe samenwerking tussen de Latijnsamerikaanse groep en de EU tot een goed einde gebracht. Sommige initiatieven van de EU zijn dit jaar evenwel niet aangenomen zoals de resoluties inzake Tsjetsjenië, Iran en Zimbabwe, waarop hierboven reeds is ingegaan.

Tijdens de heftige debatten over het Midden-Oosten, ook binnen de EU, heeft Nederland voortdurend het belang benadrukt van een evenwichtige benadering van deze complexe en gevoelige problematiek waarbij eventuele veroordelingen door de MRC van het optreden van het Israelische leger niet los zouden mogen worden gezien van de context van de ernstige terreuraanslagen in Israel. Nederland heeft er ook op aangedrongen dat de EU een nuttige, matigende rol zou spelen tussen de groeiende groep landen die Israel krachtig wil veroordelen en de VS en Israel die hiervan niets willen weten. Vanwege de sterk gepolariseerde verhoudingen heeft de EU een dergelijke bemiddelaarsrol slechts ten dele kunnen spelen. Zo heeft de EU dit jaar voor het eerst de resolutie inzake de "Situation in Occupied Palestine" onder het agenda-item zelfbeschikking medeingediend, hetgeen deels als een gebaar in Arabische richting kan worden geduid. Maar over de voornaamste resolutie inzake de "Question of the violation of human rights in the occupied Arab territories, including Palestine" waren de islamitische landen niet bereid tot substantiele onderhandelingen. Tegelijkertijd slaagde de EU er ondanks veel intern overleg niet in ten aanzien van deze resolutie de eenheid in eigen gelederen te bewaren en stemden de verschillende lidstaten van de EU die ook lid zijn van de MRC verdeeld.

Tot slot

Geconcludeerd moet worden dat de 58-ste zitting meer dan in voorgaande jaren gekenmerkt werd door confrontatie ten gevolge van de ernstige escalatie in het Midden-Oosten en de toenemende assertiviteit van de Afrikaanse en een groot aantal Aziatische landen die bijdraagt aan een Noord-Zuid-tegenstelling. Mede hierdoor, en ten gevolge van de ongunstige samenstelling van de Commissie, heeft de MRC gedurende deze zitting betrekkelijk weinig kritische resoluties over landensituaties aangenomen. In het algemeen kan de 58-ste zitting geen groot succes worden genoemd vanuit het Nederlandse en EU-perspectief. Binnen de EU vindt daarom nu reeds overleg plaats over de voorbereiding op de volgende MRC. Nederland heeft hiertoe een aantal voorstellen (tijdiger voorbereiding op de MRC door de EU, verlichting van de last van het EU-Voorzitterschap door verschillende vormen van 'burden-sharing', en eerder, vaker en beter contact met andere landen en groepen in de MRC) ingediend die door de Lidstaten zijn verwelkomd en de basis vormen voor nader overleg over een meer effectieve aanpak. In ieder geval is binnen de Westerse Groep een akkoord bereikt over de zetelverdeling voor volgend jaar op basis waarvan de VS volgend jaar weer lid zijn van de MRC.

De Minister van Buitenlandse Zaken

Speech Minister Van Aartsen tijdens 58e zitting VN- Mensenrechtencommissie

Geneve, 27 maart 2002

UN Commission on Human Rights

58th Session

Geneva, 27 March 2002

Statement by Mr. Jozias van Aartsen,

of the Kingdom of the Netherlands

Mr. Chairman,

Distinguished Delegates,

Ladies and Gentlemen,

It is a great pleasure and privilege to be here today and to address this distinguished Commission. Allow me first to congratulate you, Ambassador Jakubowski, and the other members of the Bureau on your election. The Netherlands delegation will fully support you in carrying out your weighty tasks and responsibilities.

Let me also express, Madam High Commissioner, my profound appreciation for your valuable services to the human rights cause. The Netherlands is confident that you will continue to be a custodian of human rights throughout the world also outside the UN.


1 Threats and challenges


Mr. Chairman, the "raison d'être" of this Commission is, unfortunately, undiminished. Despite some hopeful developments, large scale violations of human rights still take place all over the world. Again this year, many innocent people, men, women and children, have lost their lives, or have been profoundly affected otherwise, by violations of their civil, political, social and economic rights. The world has not become a safer or more prosperous place for many of its citizens.

The events of September 11 have brought this truth home to all of us, with a vengeance. 9/11 has changed world politics. It has also invaded the human rights debate. It will no doubt form an important part of our discussions during this Commission.

A. Terrorism

Terrorism is an acute threat to international peace, justice, and security. Governments must fight terrorism, they have an obligation to provide security to their citizens. The Netherlands fully acknowledges this. It has therefore taken an active part in these efforts: as a member of the United Nations, as an ally in NATO, as a partner in the EU and also bilaterally.

Security and safety are essential to ensure people's human rights. That should guide our fight against terrorism. As Mrs. Robinson recently wrote: "... How can a culture of human rights take life and breathe without the oxygen of security?" But, as we fight terrorism, we must follow the carefully crafted human rights norms. Human rights are the essence of our civilization. Giving up on human rights in our fight against terrorism would essentially be to play into the hands of terrorists. We all know, an eye for an eye makes the world blind.

With this in mind, we, the EU and the Netherlands, have always recognized the legitimate right of the Russian Federation to defend itself against terrorism, to preserve the territorial integrity of the state. We did this before 9/11, we do so now. But we are seriously concerned about the extent to which all parties involved use violence and military force against the civilian population. Grave and systematic violations of human rights must be stopped. A political solution is the only way forward in order to prevent the emergence of new and even wider spread radicalism.

B. Failed States

Another threat to international peace, justice, and security are failed states. Today's world is increasingly interdependent in various ways. A danger in one country can easily affect the stability in the rest of the region and beyond. As failed states defy the rules of the game, they become a liability not only to their own people but also to neighboring states, regional stability, and international security.

In failed states respect for the rule of law and human rights is lacking. We can and must offer failed societies a helping hand in providing security, building good governance and a viable civil society.

Afghanistan is a case in point. Here the international community has made and is making a concerted effort to offer this helping hand. First by providing security. But also by providing assistance and rebuilding the country. And by including women in this process. The Netherlands recognizes the need to assist and is contributing, with troops, with money, with expertise. But ownership is a key word here. It is up to the Afghans themselves to steer this process. And what a hopeful sight, ladies and gentlemen, to see the schools reopen again this weekend in Afghanistan, and to see girls eagerly reclaiming their right to education in the classroom after so many years of deprivation.

C. Violence and conflict

The conflict in the Middle East continues to greatly disturb us all on account of its serious implications for the human rights and humanitarian situation in the region. Continued gruesome violence has made many victims, many among them innocent civilians. The numbers of dead and wounded are horrifying, growing by the day. Terror attacks and disproportionate military reactions have sown fear and distrust. This terrible cycle has to be broken. The Israeli and the Palestinian people have to be offered a real perspective of a political solution that will bring peace and security. Security Council resolution 1397 has presented such a vision of two viable states living peacefully together. I believe the help of the international community is vital here. Political leaders on both sides have to grasp the opportunities offered. At this juncture they have to show real leadership.

I have spoken about the fight against terrorism, about failed states, and violence and conflict. These all have different causes, backgrounds, approaches. But in dealing with them, I strongly believe that the promotion of democracy, human rights and the rule of law must be a vital and integral ingredient of our strategies.


2 Democracy, Human Rights and the Rule of Law


There is no such thing as instant democracy. It takes commitment and participation. Sometimes it may seem as if we are fighting an uphill battle. As eloquently put by Nelson Mandela: "We have not taken the final step of our journey, but the first step on a longer and even more difficult road. (...) I have discovered the secret that after climbing a great hill, one only finds that there are many more hills to climb."

And that is true for every society, including my own.

One of the steps forward on this journey is to periodically hold free and fair multi-party elections. That is why the EU attached so much importance to the recently held elections in Zimbabwe. And why we were so disappointed to see the electoral process turn into a sham, meant to steal the vote. We hope this Commission will duly consider and support the EU initiative regarding Zimbabwe.

Democratic societies need checks and balances. Effective democracy requires institutions such as a strong and independent judiciary, a watchful parliament, a free and independent media, viable political parties and a vibrant and plural civil society. In order to be effective a democracy must also respect the rule of law and human rights.

This is what we try to bring about through our human rights dialogues. Such as we have with China. But dialogues should lead to concrete results. We appreciate the increased willingness of the Chinese government to cooperate with the High Commissioner for Human Rights. But the human rights situation in China continues to be a source of great concern to the Netherlands government. The application of the death penalty has reached unprecedented level since the start of the "strike hard" campaign. Followers of Christian churches and other religious communities, as well as members of the Falun Gong, continue to be persecuted. The fight against terrorism is used as a pretext to intensify repression of minorities in Xinjiang and Tibet. On the other hand, Chinese society is now more open and more engaged with the international community than ever before. This is underlined by China's successful bid for the Olympic Games. I hope and expect that China will take upon itself the moral obligation that goes with it: to fully respect all human rights.

Mr. Chairman,

Democracy needs institutions, democracy needs elections, democracy needs checks and balances. But democracy also needs accountability and justice. The world is very gradually moving from a culture of impunity to a culture of justice and accountability. In that respect we may feel encouraged by what we have achieved in recent years.

Countries struggling to come to terms with atrocities of the past and making transitions to democracy increasingly realize the importance of bringing perpetrators to justice. Impunity is increasingly fought. This is done in different ways: through judicial and non-judicial methods of justice, depending on society's circumstances. We must be united in our response to impunity, whilst recognizing diversity. This is a message that the Netherlands is keen to emphasize.

A. International and internationalized courts and tribunals

In all their variety, international and internationalized courts and tribunals across the globe offer important contributions towards justice. Let me mention a few important examples.

Africa has led the way. In Rwanda, the Kambanda judgment marked the first time that a head of state was convicted of genocide. Following this success, another former head of state, Slobodan Milosevic, is facing justice in The Hague.

Why do we consider such tribunals so important? . At society level, they contribute to post-conflict peace building. At individual level, fair and impartial trials are triumphs for the victims and the cause of human rights.

B. Strong and independent national courts

However important these international tribunals are, they do not absolve individual states of their own responsibility in prosecuting human rights perpetrators. International tribunals are no substitute for strong and independent national courts.

It is, therefore, essential that Indonesia's Human Rights Court for East-Timor and Tanjung Priok becomes a credible mechanism, abiding by international standards. We welcome the submission of the first indictments and encourage the Indonesian authorities to bring the well documented case of the murdered Dutch journalist Sander Thoenes before the Court. We also encourage the Indonesian government to enhance the rule of law and good governance, intensify reform programs in the justice sector and protect human rights defenders who are under increased pressure throughout Indonesia.

The principle of universal jurisdiction is taking firmer root. Individual states have in principle an obligation to prosecute perpetrators of large scale and serious human rights violations, even if committed in another state, subject to the limitations of international law. In this context and as an impetus to the discussion, the Netherlands, together with Canada, recently circulated at the UN a scholarly document titled "The Princeton Principles on Universal Jurisdiction".

C. The International Criminal Court
In the future, when an individual state is unwilling or unable to end impunity the International Criminal Court can fill the gap. By offering the international community the means to prosecute those who would otherwise remain unpunished, the Court fills the black holes in our domestic systems. The Court represents a major triumph over lawlessness. As noted by Amnesty International "The very existence of the Court will act as a catalyst to inspire national legal systems to fulfil their duties and will act as a deterrent for those planning to commit such crimes." Only a few ratifications are needed before the Court can be established. The Netherlands is ready to host the Court. We urge all states to ratify the Rome Statute soon. The Netherlands much appreciates the unfailing support of civil society in this endeavor.

Mr. Chairman,

4. Conclusion

The world is not yet a place where human rights are enjoyed by each and every one of us. There are many threats and challenges. We must move forward, and try to make a difference. By facing up to abuses, by confronting each other with realities, by helping each other. Through dialogue, concrete programs and establishing functioning mechanisms.

One of the new mechanisms that the Netherlands hopes will be adopted by this Commission is a strong and independent inspection panel under the Convention Against Torture. The Netherlands fully supports the proposal that has been worked out under the dedicated leadership of Mrs. Odio-Benito.

Mr. Chairman,

When Lebanese delegate Charles Malik introduced the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in the UN General Assembly in 1948, he said: "Thousands of minds and hands have helped in its formation." We again need thousands of minds and hands, this time for its implementation. This is the collective responsibility on our shoulders. I wish you a fruitful and constructive 58 session.

Thank you.

Speech Minister Van Aartsen tijdens 58e zitting VN- Mensenrechtencommissie

Geneve, 27 maart 2002

UN Commission on Human Rights

58th Session

Geneva, 27 March 2002

Statement by Mr. Jozias van Aartsen,

of the Kingdom of the Netherlands

Mr. Chairman,

Distinguished Delegates,

Ladies and Gentlemen,

It is a great pleasure and privilege to be here today and to address this distinguished Commission. Allow me first to congratulate you, Ambassador Jakubowski, and the other members of the Bureau on your election. The Netherlands delegation will fully support you in carrying out your weighty tasks and responsibilities.

Let me also express, Madam High Commissioner, my profound appreciation for your valuable services to the human rights cause. The Netherlands is confident that you will continue to be a custodian of human rights throughout the world also outside the UN.


1 Threats and challenges


Mr. Chairman, the "raison d'être" of this Commission is, unfortunately, undiminished. Despite some hopeful developments, large scale violations of human rights still take place all over the world. Again this year, many innocent people, men, women and children, have lost their lives, or have been profoundly affected otherwise, by violations of their civil, political, social and economic rights. The world has not become a safer or more prosperous place for many of its citizens.

The events of September 11 have brought this truth home to all of us, with a vengeance. 9/11 has changed world politics. It has also invaded the human rights debate. It will no doubt form an important part of our discussions during this Commission.

A. Terrorism

Terrorism is an acute threat to international peace, justice, and security. Governments must fight terrorism, they have an obligation to provide security to their citizens. The Netherlands fully acknowledges this. It has therefore taken an active part in these efforts: as a member of the United Nations, as an ally in NATO, as a partner in the EU and also bilaterally.

Security and safety are essential to ensure people's human rights. That should guide our fight against terrorism. As Mrs. Robinson recently wrote: "... How can a culture of human rights take life and breathe without the oxygen of security?" But, as we fight terrorism, we must follow the carefully crafted human rights norms. Human rights are the essence of our civilization. Giving up on human rights in our fight against terrorism would essentially be to play into the hands of terrorists. We all know, an eye for an eye makes the world blind.

With this in mind, we, the EU and the Netherlands, have always recognized the legitimate right of the Russian Federation to defend itself against terrorism, to preserve the territorial integrity of the state. We did this before 9/11, we do so now. But we are seriously concerned about the extent to which all parties involved use violence and military force against the civilian population. Grave and systematic violations of human rights must be stopped. A political solution is the only way forward in order to prevent the emergence of new and even wider spread radicalism.

B. Failed States

Another threat to international peace, justice, and security are failed states. Today's world is increasingly interdependent in various ways. A danger in one country can easily affect the stability in the rest of the region and beyond. As failed states defy the rules of the game, they become a liability not only to their own people but also to neighboring states, regional stability, and international security.

In failed states respect for the rule of law and human rights is lacking. We can and must offer failed societies a helping hand in providing security, building good governance and a viable civil society.

Afghanistan is a case in point. Here the international community has made and is making a concerted effort to offer this helping hand. First by providing security. But also by providing assistance and rebuilding the country. And by including women in this process. The Netherlands recognizes the need to assist and is contributing, with troops, with money, with expertise. But ownership is a key word here. It is up to the Afghans themselves to steer this process. And what a hopeful sight, ladies and gentlemen, to see the schools reopen again this weekend in Afghanistan, and to see girls eagerly reclaiming their right to education in the classroom after so many years of deprivation.

C. Violence and conflict

The conflict in the Middle East continues to greatly disturb us all on account of its serious implications for the human rights and humanitarian situation in the region. Continued gruesome violence has made many victims, many among them innocent civilians. The numbers of dead and wounded are horrifying, growing by the day. Terror attacks and disproportionate military reactions have sown fear and distrust. This terrible cycle has to be broken. The Israeli and the Palestinian people have to be offered a real perspective of a political solution that will bring peace and security. Security Council resolution 1397 has presented such a vision of two viable states living peacefully together. I believe the help of the international community is vital here. Political leaders on both sides have to grasp the opportunities offered. At this juncture they have to show real leadership.

I have spoken about the fight against terrorism, about failed states, and violence and conflict. These all have different causes, backgrounds, approaches. But in dealing with them, I strongly believe that the promotion of democracy, human rights and the rule of law must be a vital and integral ingredient of our strategies.


2 Democracy, Human Rights and the Rule of Law


There is no such thing as instant democracy. It takes commitment and participation. Sometimes it may seem as if we are fighting an uphill battle. As eloquently put by Nelson Mandela: "We have not taken the final step of our journey, but the first step on a longer and even more difficult road. (...) I have discovered the secret that after climbing a great hill, one only finds that there are many more hills to climb."

And that is true for every society, including my own.

One of the steps forward on this journey is to periodically hold free and fair multi-party elections. That is why the EU attached so much importance to the recently held elections in Zimbabwe. And why we were so disappointed to see the electoral process turn into a sham, meant to steal the vote. We hope this Commission will duly consider and support the EU initiative regarding Zimbabwe.

Democratic societies need checks and balances. Effective democracy requires institutions such as a strong and independent judiciary, a watchful parliament, a free and independent media, viable political parties and a vibrant and plural civil society. In order to be effective a democracy must also respect the rule of law and human rights.

This is what we try to bring about through our human rights dialogues. Such as we have with China. But dialogues should lead to concrete results. We appreciate the increased willingness of the Chinese government to cooperate with the High Commissioner for Human Rights. But the human rights situation in China continues to be a source of great concern to the Netherlands government. The application of the death penalty has reached unprecedented level since the start of the "strike hard" campaign. Followers of Christian churches and other religious communities, as well as members of the Falun Gong, continue to be persecuted. The fight against terrorism is used as a pretext to intensify repression of minorities in Xinjiang and Tibet. On the other hand, Chinese society is now more open and more engaged with the international community than ever before. This is underlined by China's successful bid for the Olympic Games. I hope and expect that China will take upon itself the moral obligation that goes with it: to fully respect all human rights.

Mr. Chairman,

Democracy needs institutions, democracy needs elections, democracy needs checks and balances. But democracy also needs accountability and justice. The world is very gradually moving from a culture of impunity to a culture of justice and accountability. In that respect we may feel encouraged by what we have achieved in recent years.

Countries struggling to come to terms with atrocities of the past and making transitions to democracy increasingly realize the importance of bringing perpetrators to justice. Impunity is increasingly fought. This is done in different ways: through judicial and non-judicial methods of justice, depending on society's circumstances. We must be united in our response to impunity, whilst recognizing diversity. This is a message that the Netherlands is keen to emphasize.

A. International and internationalized courts and tribunals

In all their variety, international and internationalized courts and tribunals across the globe offer important contributions towards justice. Let me mention a few important examples.

Africa has led the way. In Rwanda, the Kambanda judgment marked the first time that a head of state was convicted of genocide. Following this success, another former head of state, Slobodan Milosevic, is facing justice in The Hague.

Why do we consider such tribunals so important? . At society level, they contribute to post-conflict peace building. At individual level, fair and impartial trials are triumphs for the victims and the cause of human rights.

B. Strong and independent national courts

However important these international tribunals are, they do not absolve individual states of their own responsibility in prosecuting human rights perpetrators. International tribunals are no substitute for strong and independent national courts.

It is, therefore, essential that Indonesia's Human Rights Court for East-Timor and Tanjung Priok becomes a credible mechanism, abiding by international standards. We welcome the submission of the first indictments and encourage the Indonesian authorities to bring the well documented case of the murdered Dutch journalist Sander Thoenes before the Court. We also encourage the Indonesian government to enhance the rule of law and good governance, intensify reform programs in the justice sector and protect human rights defenders who are under increased pressure throughout Indonesia.

The principle of universal jurisdiction is taking firmer root. Individual states have in principle an obligation to prosecute perpetrators of large scale and serious human rights violations, even if committed in another state, subject to the limitations of international law. In this context and as an impetus to the discussion, the Netherlands, together with Canada, recently circulated at the UN a scholarly document titled "The Princeton Principles on Universal Jurisdiction".

C. The International Criminal Court
In the future, when an individual state is unwilling or unable to end impunity the International Criminal Court can fill the gap. By offering the international community the means to prosecute those who would otherwise remain unpunished, the Court fills the black holes in our domestic systems. The Court represents a major triumph over lawlessness. As noted by Amnesty International "The very existence of the Court will act as a catalyst to inspire national legal systems to fulfil their duties and will act as a deterrent for those planning to commit such crimes." Only a few ratifications are needed before the Court can be established. The Netherlands is ready to host the Court. We urge all states to ratify the Rome Statute soon. The Netherlands much appreciates the unfailing support of civil society in this endeavor.

Mr. Chairman,

4. Conclusion

The world is not yet a place where human rights are enjoyed by each and every one of us. There are many threats and challenges. We must move forward, and try to make a difference. By facing up to abuses, by confronting each other with realities, by helping each other. Through dialogue, concrete programs and establishing functioning mechanisms.

One of the new mechanisms that the Netherlands hopes will be adopted by this Commission is a strong and independent inspection panel under the Convention Against Torture. The Netherlands fully supports the proposal that has been worked out under the dedicated leadership of Mrs. Odio-Benito.

Mr. Chairman,

When Lebanese delegate Charles Malik introduced the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in the UN General Assembly in 1948, he said: "Thousands of minds and hands have helped in its formation." We again need thousands of minds and hands, this time for its implementation. This is the collective responsibility on our shoulders. I wish you a fruitful and constructive 58 session.

Thank you.


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